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South Kurdistan oil & gas development
Topic Started: Nov 17 12, 1:25 (649,180 Views)
ALAN
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Genel Energy: Kurdistan enjoys stability with the progress of oil sector

Tuesday, 22 October 2013 12:31

Shafaq News / Genel Energy Oil Company confirmed working in South Kurdistan confirmed that the region enjoys stability with full security provided in the oil sector.

The official of the company, Tony Howard said in an interview with (oil price) site, briefed by "Shafaq News" that “South Kurdistan enjoys sovereignty, security and stability with steady progress in the oil sector in the middle of a volatile region of the world as the terrorist attack that took place in the capital Erbil late last September will not affect in any form on the process of production and investment in the region”.

“We will soon be finished from establishing an oil pipe between South Kurdistan and Turkey and this is the beginning of a very important phase in the petroleum industry in the region as there is a close relationship between it and Turkey today which will help in the development of the oil and gas sector significantly."

“An important agreement in the field of energy took place between the Governments of South Kurdistan and Turkey last March and we have noted already practical implementation of its provisions, for example, crude oil is being sent from the region to world markets via Turkey by car trucks”.

“A global company in the field of energy of the Turkish state is operating in the region in the field of oil investment , it is expected to be signing a special agreement to sell natural gas between Erbil and Ankara before the end of the current year as that would ensure sending gas from the region to Turkey."

“South Kurdistan is a very rich area in natural resources and that Kurdistan Government is now in the process of recovery and development of the oil sector and has already created markets for marketing its exports of oil and gas to it,” Howard added.

Howard predicted that “oil exports would reach to 300 thousand barrels per day with increasing quantities”.

“The mentioned oil pipe would serve South Kurdistan and its political position because the region will then export oil to the world markets and the revenues of these exports will be the benefit of all Iraqis “.

Howard conclude by saying, “ The quantities of oil that are being exported from Taq Taq fields by some vehicles is ( 30 - 40 ) thousand barrels per day to Mersin port on the shores of the Mediterranean and is being marketed to the world”.

It seems that South Kurdistan is moving towards economic independence from Baghdad after oil industry sources said that the first shipment of crude oil from Kurdistan had been sold in the international market to a German company.

Pumping oil from Taq Taq field operated by Genel Energy took place by trucks across Ibrahim Khalil border crossing with Turkey and the sale by auction for shipping in April.
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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the SUN child
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ZAGROS-ARYAN

What is this sh*t? KRG should never contract an Arabian, Turkish or other foreign Middle Eastern companies. Those companies will try to damage Kurdistan as much as possible!


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Pearl consortium seeks $1bn from Kurdistan over gas contract


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The largest energy investor in South Kurdistan opened arbitration proceedings with the government over $1.1bn in alleged unpaid receivables in a development that threatens to damage the autonomous region’s attempts to become a significant energy exporter.

Pearl Petroleum, a consortium led by UAE-based energy group Dana Gas, is seeking clarification at the London Court of International Arbitration from the Kurdish regional government over a 25-year contract to develop gas from the Khor Mor and Chemchemal fields.

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Abu Dhabi-listed Dana Gas, which last year restructured an Islamic bond after it hit cash flow issues in Egypt and South Kurdistan, controls 40 per cent of the joint venture, with Dana Gas shareholder Crescent Petroleum holding another 40 per cent. Austria’s OMV and Hungary’s MOL own 10 per cent each.

The Kurdish regional government plans to start exporting oil via a pipeline at the end of 2013, a move that has exacerbated previous tensions with the central government of i-rack in Baghdad over the KRG’s increasingly independent energy policy.

The central government views Irbil’s pursuit of dozens of energy contracts outside of a federal framework as unconstitutional.

Global companies, such as ExxonMobil, have been lured away from i-rack to the KRG’s nascent hydrocarbons sector by more attractive financial terms and a safer operating environment.

The KRG’s ministry of natural resources was not immediately available for comment.

In a letter to Dana Gas leaked to local media earlier this month, Ashti Hamrawi, minister for natural resources, said: “The KRG does not owe Dana Gas the sum referenced or any other sum and the statement that the sums are ‘overdue’ from the KRG is inaccurate and misleading to investors.”

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Saying efforts to end its differences with the ministry had failed, Sharjah-based Dana Gas said it hoped arbitration would allow matters to be “resolved amicably and . . . in the shortest possible time, in order to enable full and proper development of the fields”.

Dana Gas, which has been in talks with the government over its contract for four years, had its payments for liquids produced at the field and sent to Turkey stopped about four months ago.

The company is also in disagreement with the ministry over the amount of money it is owed for the “dry” gas produced at Khor Mor, delaying development of the South Kurdistan’s two biggest gasfields.

The consortium, which has yet to recoup investment costs of more than $1bn, has produced approximately 100 million barrels of oil equivalent of gas and petroleum liquids and supply gas for domestic power stations since 2008.



http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7cc892e4-3b0a-11e3-a7ec-00144feab7de.html#axzz2iT2tbZZS
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ALAN
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there is a political hand behind this thus it will fail :)
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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davidh
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http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-25/hayward-says-completed-pipeline-turning-point-for-kurdistan.html

Hayward Says Completed Pipeline Turning Point for Kurdistan

By Brian Swint - Oct 25, 2013 10:00 AM GMT+0100

Tony Hayward, the former BP Plc chief executive officer who now heads Kurdistan’s largest oil producer, said an export pipeline to Turkey is built, marking a turning point for the self-governing region of KRG.

“The Kurdistan Regional Government has completed a 36-inch pipeline,” Hayward, CEO of Genel Energy Plc, said in a telephone interview yesterday. “The line has now been tied in and commissioning is taking place. This is a major inflection point for Kurdistan.”

Kurdistan, whose economy has boomed with oil exploration since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, estimates its reserves at 45 billion barrels, enough to meet U.S. needs for almost seven years. The new pipeline provides unhindered access to international markets for the first time after years of disputes with the government in Baghdad over export revenue.

While Hayward said Genel is already sending about 50,000 barrels of oil a day on trucks to Turkey, where it receives higher prices than in the domestic market, the pipeline will have capacity of about 300,000 barrels a day.

Genel shares reversed earlier losses, to gain as much as 0.8 percent. The stock traded at 973 pence as of 9:53 a.m. in London. DNO International ASA, a Norwegian producer in the region, climbed as much as 1.3 percent to 16.18 kroner in Oslo.

The Kurdistan pipeline joins i-rack’s main export pipeline to Turkey after a Baghdad-controlled metering station, Hayward said. That will give the Kurds full control, bypassing the federal government.
Track Record

The pipeline will become operational by the end of the year, Ashti Hawrami, the KRG minister of natural resources, said on Oct. 3. The KRG signed a deal in April to sell oil and gas directly to Turkey. Turkey also set up a state oil company that has taken stakes in Kurdish oilfields, Hayward said.

“There are always risks, but you have to look at the track record of delivery,” Hayward said. “That gives me confidence that the agreement between Turkey and the South Kurdistan is being followed through.”

The KRG halted crude exports through the government-run link in December amid disputes with the Oil Ministry in Baghdad over revenue from crude sales and payments owed to companies such as DNO and Genel. Hawrami said that the region will export 1 million barrels a day by 2015 and 2 million barrels a day by 2019.
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Kinematik
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More good news

Pipeline connects AFTER Baghdads meetering station!

"The Kurdistan pipeline joins i-rack’s main export pipeline to Turkey after a Baghdad-controlled metering station, Hayward said. That will give the Kurds full control, bypassing the federal government."

http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-25/hayward-says-completed-pipeline-turning-point-for-kurdistan


yay vic yay

Good decision Hawrami!
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ALAN
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pipeline is complete! xD

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kt2rEz64B_c
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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ALAN
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baghdad has 0 control over our pipeline :) (of course)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjH5j8ZZLoQ
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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Zlatan10
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I can not see this 2 foto Alan :(
Do you have link ?
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ALAN
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They are vids click quote and copy the links
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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Zlatan10
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Kaka i can not se anything. It is just the text you write.
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Halo
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Têkoşer

Total says discovers oil, gas in Kurdistan

Oct 30 (Reuters) - French oil major Total said it had discovered "significant" oil and gas reserves in the South Kurdistan (KRG), where it owns a 35 percent stake in an exploration project with Marathon oil and the regional government.

"The discovery is very encouraging and demonstrates that our strategy to grow in this very prospective region is on the right track," Total executive Arnaud Breuillac said in a statement.

Three tests were carried out on the wells and they were found to have flow rates between 3,200 and 3,900 barrels per day, while other tests established the presence of gas with flow rates of 20 to 30 millions cubic feet of gas per day.
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Alasha: Asking and discussing is not forbidden, rather prohibited on this forum
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Halo
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Marathon Oil Announces Mirawa Discovery in the South Kurdistan (KRG)

HOUSTON, Oct 30, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE via COMTEX) -- Marathon Oil Corporation MRO -0.64% , through its wholly owned subsidiary Marathon Oil KDV B.V., announced today the Mirawa-1 exploration well has discovered multiple stacked oil and natural gas producing zones on the Company's operated Harir Block in the South Kurdistan.

Located approximately 40 miles northeast of Hewlêr , the Mirawa-1 well was drilled to a total depth of approximately 14,000 feet. Oil and natural gas shows were noted over an extensive gross interval of both Jurassic and Triassic reservoirs from 5,800 feet to total depth. An extensive drill-stem testing program was conducted. Flow rates, which were equipment constrained, were established from multiple zones in the Jurassic of high quality oil (39º - 45º API) totaling in excess of 11,000 barrels per day (bpd). Additionally, multiple non-associated gas zones in the Triassic flowed at rates totaling approximately 72 million cubic feet per day (mmcfd), together with associated condensate from one zone at a rate of 1,700 bpd.

"The Mirawa oil and natural gas discovery well found significant resources in both the Jurassic and Triassic reservoirs. We look forward to further appraising this discovery and drilling our next Harir Block prospect, Jisik," said Marathon Oil president and CEO Lee Tillman. "The success we and others have had in the South Kurdistan of i-rack, including this most recent discovery, demonstrates the importance of this region as a potential major hydrocarbon producer. As the first large U.S. publicly traded company to enter in October 2010, Marathon Oil is pleased to have a strong presence in the South Kurdistan."

The Mirawa-1 well will be suspended for potential future use as a producing well. Following completion of current operations, the drilling rig will be moved to the Jisik-1 prospect located nine miles northwest of Mirawa-1. The Jisik-1 well will test a similar prospective structure to Mirawa.

Marathon Oil is the operator with a 45 percent working interest in the Harir block. Total holds a 35 percent working interest, and the Kurdistan Regional Government holds a 20 percent carried interest.

Marathon Oil Corporation is an international exploration and production company. Based in Houston, Texas, the Company had net proved reserves at the end of 2012 of 2 billion barrels of oil equivalent in North America, Europe and Africa. For more information, please visit our website at http://www.marathonoil.com.

# # #

This release contains forward-looking statements with respect to the Mirawa-1 exploration well and planned exploratory drilling on the Jisik-1 prospect. Factors that could affect these forward-looking statements include pricing, supply and demand for liquid hydrocarbons and natural gas, the amount of capital available for exploration and development, regulatory constraints, timing of commencing production from new wells, drilling rig availability, availability of materials and labor, the inability to obtain or delay in obtaining necessary government or third-party approvals and permits, unforeseen hazards such as weather conditions, acts of war or terrorist acts and the governmental or military response thereto, and other geological, operating and economic considerations. The foregoing factors (among others) could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. In accordance with the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Marathon Oil Corporation has included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, and subsequent Forms 10-Q and 8-K, cautionary language identifying other important factors, though not necessarily all such factors, that could cause future outcomes to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.
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Alasha: Asking and discussing is not forbidden, rather prohibited on this forum
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Sarkachal
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KRG's Natural Resources Minister: The region plans second oil pipeline to Turkey with a capacity of 1 million bpd.

http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2013/10/state7443.htm#.UnJHjegqwhN.twitter
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ALAN
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Holly cow I'm soooooooo happy right now xD
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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Zlatan10
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I hope that the KRG save oil for the next generation too
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Zlatan10
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Have someone a map that show KRG pipeline to turkey?
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ALAN
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Yeah Look in the earlier pages you will find it
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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ALAN
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Until now irack is giving SK only 10% the 7% goes to (syadi) expense like president a Kurd the Kurdish deputies ministers and MPs as well as Kurds in the other institutions like army etc.... But now KRG can take 17% properly and separate the syadî exp and should also deduct compensation to victims of genocides done towards us by irack in other words KRG has to give nothing back to irack.... And shove this 17% up their back sides why bcos it's constitutional? Well article 140 was too we have lots of arguments against them now with the pipeline complete if they still makes noises just withdraw all the Kurds from Baghdad let Sunnis and Shia sort their own shizz out...
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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Zagros
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Mol accelerates South Kurdistan programme

1 Nov 2013, 11.15 am GMT


London, 1 November (Argus) — Hungarian oil company Mol and London-listed Gulf Keystone Petroleum have declared the Akri-Bijeel field in the semi-autonomous South Kurdistan of KRG to be commercial and will accelerate the work programme there.

A development plan for the whole block will be submitted before the end of 2014, Mol said.. A test on the Bakrman 1 well flowed at some 3,200 b/d of 40°API crude, lighter than the 32-35°API crude reported before the extended well test. Two appraisal wells are planned for 2014 with early oil production expected in the first half of 2015.

An extended well test facility capable of handling 10,000 b/d has been commissioned at the Bijell 1 well discovery. A sidetrack well was necessary and this has delayed the 180-day extended well test until the first quarter of 2014. Early oil production started in May, producing some 3,000 b/d, but was suspended for the sidetrack well. Production of 10,000 b/d could be achieved by the end of 2014, Mol said.

Mol holds 80pc of Akri-Bijeel and Gulf Keystone 20pc. The field is close to the Shaikan field in which Gulf Keystone holds 75pc and Mol 20pc. Shaikan is expected to produce 150,000 b/d by 2015 but the partners said the field is capable of eventually producing 400,000 b/d. The companies plan to build a 440,000 b/d pipeline to carry crude from Shaikan to i-rack's Kirkuk-Ceyhan export pipeline.

The acceleration of the programme for Akri-Bijeel comes just as the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) has completed the construction of its first export pipeline, tying into the Kirkuk-Ceyhan line but with metering effectively under its control rather than the federal government.
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Zlatan10
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i-rack's deputy PM: "Turkey assured us they...will not allow any export of i-racki crude without...[our] permission..."
http://t.co/IfR9d3cvgH
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ALAN
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It was false news :)
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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ALAN
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It was false news.... Reuters published it then it published another one soon after explaining the news to be false and an error :)
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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ALAN
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Kurdistan oil pipeline cuts the remaining umbilical cord of Baghdad

4.11.2013
Bashdar Ismaeel — Ekurd.net

A consistent bone of contention between the South Kurdistan and Baghdad has been oil resources. The heated debates around exploration rights, revenue sharing and interpretation of constitutional clauses have seen the issue go round in circles for several years.

The jostle for control of oil has only grown as oil majors have flocked to Kurdistan, ignoring threats from Baghdad, and as Kurdistan has added continual billions to its oil reserve figures. Companies continue to make discoveries in the Region with Total and Marathon only recently announcing a fresh discovery.

The reasons for Baghdad’s unease with growing Kurdish economic independence are hardly a secret. Control of oil revenues and oil infrastructure is like an umbilical cord that Baghdad has over the Kurds. With the exception of control of oil revenues and resolution of disputed territories, Kurdistan would be all but independent.

In this light, Baghdad foot-dragging over the resolution of national hydrocarbon oil laws and Article 140 is clear to see.

The national budget and share of oil revenues is currently a tap which Baghdad can use to influence and pressure the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). Oil production to date in Kurdistan has been stop-start at best owing to disputes.

Such is the ambition of Kurdistan that little before completion of the first historic oil pipeline to pump crude from Kurdish oil fields, a second pipeline was already actively planned for completion in 18-24 months that would drastically improve production capacity and bring the Kurds closer to their ultimate target of 3 million bpd.

With oil exports and revenues set to rise in greater i-rack, in theory so should 17% of the budget allocated to Kurdistan. If oil is equitably shared on an 83-17 split then both Hewlêr and Baghdad benefit. In other words, most of the Kurdish oil revenues would actually go to Baghdad.

But distribution of the national budget has been anything but clear-cut with the Kurds arguing that they receive closer to 11%, not to mention the billions of dollars in unpaid bills to foreign companies in the Region that the Kurds demand.

Independent control of oil exports puts the gloves firmly in the hands of the Kurds. While they can now achieve the 400,000 bpd or so demanded by Baghdad for share of the budget, Kurds will not be at the mercy of Baghdad – if it boiled down to it, Kurdistan could keep specific portion of its oil revenue (and any debt that it deems to have been unpaid) and only then pay Baghdad.

Baghdad has used the recent thawing of its difficult ties with Ankara to warn against any export of Kurdish crude through the new pipeline without its consent.

Ironically, as the Baghdad-Ankara ties nose-dived, the Erbil-Ankara relations were hitting new heights, underpinned by billions of dollars of trade and Kurdish strategic relevance in the changing Middle Eastern picture.

Recently, Kurdistan Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani visited Ankara and met with Turkish officials, where the topics were likely to be expanding economic ties, oil exports and the Syrian conflict.

For now, Ankara will aim to keep Baghdad sweet by promising no to import Kurdish oil without their consent. But in reality, Turkey is already arm deep in Kurdish oil and its booming economy. It has already supported the constitutional rights of the Kurds with regards to oil exploration and the 17-83 revenue split.

Ankara may not want to alienate Baghdad, as it has recently looked to kick-start relations with Baghdad and Tehran that it strongly needs for any favourable resolution to the Syrian conflict and to avoid any regional isolation at a critical juncture.

As for the Kurds, its new oil export infrastructure literally adds the fuel for independence. However, the real game-changer would be additional pipelines independent of the i-racki Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline and exclusively on Kurdistan soil and once exports reach 1 million bpd, let alone the 3 million bpd that Kurds hope for.

It’s no secret that the billions of dollars that Kurds could then acquire would far outweigh any of the 17% (or less) that Baghdad would offer. This is not to mention any potential gas exports to Europe, which would further placate Kurdistan on the world energy map (and perhaps on the map as a new found independent state).

Bashdar Pusho Ismaeel is a London-based freelance writer and analyst, a regular contributing writer for Ekurd.net website. Ismaeel whose primary focus and expertise is on the Kurds, i-rack and Middle Eastern current affairs. The main focus of his writing is to promote peace, justice and increase awareness of the diversity, suffering and at times explosive mix in i-rack and the Middle East. Most recently he has produced work for the Washington Examiner, Asian Times, The Epoch Times, Asia News, The Daily Star (Lebanon), Kurdish Globe, Hewler Post, Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), KurdishMedia, PUK Online and OnlineOpinion. He has achieved seminar recommended readings for Le High University (Pennsylvania) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His work has been republished extensively elsewhere on the Internet. He is a longtime contributing writer and columnist for Ekurd.net. You can visit Bashdar's website at (www.bashdar.co.uk) and reach the author via email at: bashdar@hotmail.com

The article also appeared on Kurdish Globe.

Copyright © 2013 Ekurd.net. All rights reserved
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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ALAN
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Quote:
 
But distribution of the national budget has been anything but clear-cut with the Kurds arguing that they receive closer to 11%, not to mention the billions of dollars in unpaid bills to foreign companies in the Region that the Kurds demand.


This why they won't see anything from us pretty much not to mention Anfal and Halabja victim compensations..
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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ALAN
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?b=VsD-xJVq41A
Russian Girenak Joseph, who visited Kirkuk in Kurdistan as a part of his tour throu the 1870 - 1873 AD, who published the results of his trip & his studies later in 1879, in the 4th volume in the Bulletin of the Caucasus department of the Royal Geographical Russian Society estimated Kirkuk's population as many as 12-50,000 people, & he emphasized that except 40 Christian families, the rest of the population were Kurds. As for The Turkmen & Arabs, they have not been already existed at the time.
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